What type of radiation is primarily emitted by radioactive isotopes?

Radioactive isotopes primarily emit alpha, beta, and gamma radiation due to the processes of radioactive decay.

Alpha radiation consists of heavy, positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons. This form of radiation is typically emitted by heavier elements as they decay to achieve a more stable atomic structure.

Beta radiation is produced when a neutron in an unstable nucleus transforms into a proton and emits a high-energy electron or positron. This process allows the nucleus to decrease its neutron-to-proton ratio, contributing to stability.

Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation, which is emitted when the nucleus transitions from a higher energy state to a lower energy state after undergoing alpha or beta decay. Unlike alpha and beta particles, gamma rays carry no charge and have high penetrating power, making them a significant consideration in radiation safety.

The other forms of radiation mentioned, such as X-rays and ultraviolet rays, are not primarily associated with radioactive isotopes but are instead produced through different physical processes. Infrared radiation and radio waves are also outside the scope of radioactive decay, as they belong to different segments of the electromagnetic spectrum and are not linked to the instability of atomic nuclei. Thus, the correct answer is clearly identified as alpha, beta, and gamma radiation,